Methods for forming a high-k dielectric layer that may be utilized to form a metal gate structure in TANOS charge trap flash memories. One embodiment segregates a column of water within a body of water desired for remediation and shields the water column from sunlight sufficiently to kill phytoplankton therein, the lysis thereof releasing nutrients. The delivery tube has an expansion aperture positioned behind an exit collimator of the nozzle body. The optical transmission of the optical switch element changes depending on the position of the movable mirror assembly. The field generatordetector may be used in a sample analyzer having a chamber and a sample holder within the chamber.