The present invention is directed to exemplary embodiments of a combination disc padlock that may include a housing, a shackle positioned within a portion of the housing, the shackle having a curved shape with a first end that is never released from the housing and a second end that may be exposed from the housing when the padlock is in an unlocked configuration. Speed density and throttle position methods of estimating mass air flow are combined using a first Kalman filter. The shaped charge can be secured to the spine with a retaining shell. They are made of glass, plastic and metal. The provider may be selected based on a bandwidth of a link between the broadband gateway and the one or more devices to which the content is to be delivered.