A semiconductor memory includes a memory cell as a resistance change element and a switching element which are connected in series and a read word line connected to a control terminal of the switching element. 1, Q753 and Q754 of the ITU-T is inventively developed in such a way that it is possible to determine the actually used signaling routes from the test starting point to the test destination. The ability of embodiments to provide portal-specific user accounts can reduce processing requirements of the database system.