Systems, methods, and apparatuses, including computer program products, are provided for machine translation using information retrieval techniques. The methods involve forming a conductive cap over a metal plug. The system and method include use of a set of ion permeable barriers and the application of an electrical potential across these barriers to selectively remove metabolic components from blood or plasma. The radar level gauge further comprises a second mixer configured to mix an intermediate frequency signal and an integer multiple of the frequency of the sinusoidal modulation to provide an adjusted intermediate frequency signal, and processing circuitry configured to determine the distance based on the adjusted intermediate frequency signal. The catalyst layer is composed of at least one of iron, cobalt, nickel, yttrium, titanium, platinum, and palladium, and a combination thereof. Quarter wave retarder films are bonded to outer surfaces of a first substrate and the second substrate, respectively.