High optical efficiency CMOS image sensors capable of sustaining pixel sizes less than 1. The method includes computing an amount of carbon dioxide generation avoided by a vehicle at a processor, calculating a number of equivalent trees based on the computation, and displaying the number of equivalent trees on a display device. The purge valve is disposed within the lumen and includes an occlusion member. The receiving unit receives a reply message that indicates whether the communications should be reestablished from the display apparatus.