An air mass flowmeter, suitable for connection to an air-intake manifold of an internal combustion engine, measures an air mass taken in by the engine. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises continuously forming a length of strap material using a rotary extrusion process, the strap material having laterally-extending teeth disposed along its entire length. Therefore, high speed and high light receiving sensitivity characteristics can be obtained, and further, any influence of auto-doping from peripheral embedding layers can be controlled, so that a depletion layer can be stably formed in the anode. A circuit for modeling a lead-acid battery having an RC network for simulating the impedance of cells of the battery is also disclosed. Once citation patterns have been determined in the document, annotations may be inserted into the document, and subsequent action may be taken, for example, generating a list of citations, providing research services, error-handling, andor providing other options related to the citations.