A defect detection device, apparatus, and method for detecting a defect of data recorded on a recording medium. The RDU also includes a test software modem and a reference conventional modem. The time-of-flight mass spectrometer further includes a sample probe disposed proximate the first electrode and adapted to hold a sample, and a detector disposed proximate the second electrode. For example, the defined security levels can be based on various authentication mechanisms, including, Kerberos, NT Lan Manager authentication protocol, secure sockets layertransport security layer, token authentication, virtual private network, remote access security, digest authentication, etc. The temperature sensors measure the temperature of the tissue engaged by the end-effector either directly or indirectly.