A linear variable differential transformer having an electrical stroke includes a probe axially movable along a length of the LVDT electrical stroke, a primary winding extending axially over the length of the LVDT electrical stroke, and a secondary winding extending axially over the length of the LVDT electrical stroke. A surface of the transfer layer includes microstructured or nanostructured features, in a continuous or discontinuous pattern, embossed or otherwise imparted in the transfer layer. A focal length of the single negative lens included in the cemented lens, a focal length of the single positive lens included in the cemented lens, and a lateral magnification of the third lens unit at a wide angle end are each appropriately set.