Transaction-based hardware abstraction involves a process of using heuristic techniques to identify finite-state machines in a hardware design that process transactions, from which transaction boundaries can be identified. All of the integrated circuit devices are manufactured using an identical design, and differences in the performance characteristics among the integrated circuit devices occurs because of variations including manufacturing line variations. The invention can be used for the removal of mercury ions from potable water and other metal ion contaminated solutions, or from gaseous fluids. The timing signal additionally accounts for a predetermined ignition delay from the time that fuel is injected to the start of combustion. Other ingredients such as preservatives and fragrances can also be included in the lotion. The Mg content in the positive electrode active material is higher than 50 ppm relative, to the total amount of the active material based on the mass.