The present invention concerns methods and reagents useful in modulating gene expression in a variety of applications, including use in therapeutic, diagnostic, target validation, and genomic discovery applications associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in voltage holding ratio of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density and suppresses the occurrence of display defects such as image sticking, and the like. The shingle may also have a scale and one or more nibs that protrude from the sides of the shingle that assist in aligning the shingles in the second course with the shingles in the underlying course.