Nanoscale UV absorbing particles are described that have high UV absorption cross sections while being effectively transparent to visible light. The applicator system includes a spreader element and a container of surgical prep solution. Gate oxide film of MOS transistors in the high voltage region of the peripheral circuit region is composed of a laminate of said SiO2 film 109a and a nitrogen-introduced CVD SiO2 film. A reference circuit is connected in parallel to the fuse lines and includes a current source, a transistor, and a resistor connected in series. The projection operator and the approximation function can be combined to form a compressed transform by mapping the n-dimensional input color space to m-dimensional output color space. In particular, methods for de-interlacing and noise reduction using combinations of median filters, applied both spatially and temporally, with and without motion analysis, are described.