An apparatus of generating an output code stream includes a first bit repeater to repeat an incoming code stream, a second bit repeater to repeat a first parity bit stream of the incoming code stream, and a third bit repeater to repeat a second parity bit stream of the incoming code stream. The common electrode includes first cutouts, the first insulating layer includes second cutouts, the plane shapes of the first and second cutouts are substantially the same, and the pixel electrode includes a polycrystalline transparent conductive material. The first current-to-voltage converter circuit is composed of a diode. The metadata describes binding elements and provides an abstract representation of a protocol stack that implements communication aspects at runtime. The head plate is made from a metal or a metal alloy with a melting point lower than the lowest failure temperature for a tube material andor the membrane. Activating the element expands or contracts the contents of the display area by a graphical object.