A process for growth of boron-based nanostructures, such as nanotubes and nanowires, with a controlled diameter and with controlled chemical as well as physical properties is described. Before, during, or after graft polymerizing, an adsorbent is modified with a cationic surfactant to form a surfactant modified adsorbent. The electrode cartridge of the present invention can prevent an effect of electrolyte solution flowing backwards when generating hydrogen as well as an effect of electrolyte solution leak when moving. Some variations of devices may comprise one or more reservoirs that may be triggered by an optical stimulus, e.