An excess toner removal area is made broader over the whole area with respect to a developer applied area that is broader than an image effective area. An infrared beam is transmitted into a crystal. The game data set includes game data files and second authentication codes generated from the respective data files. If desired, the user can select an option that directs the multimedia system to tune directly to a television channel for a selected program or to a related television program guide or movie guide service on a television channel. There is provided an encodingdecoding apparatus and method for generating optimal codewords for optimal encoding to optimal encoding, and supporting all of an optimal encoder to an optimal encoder. If the calf needs to be transported, the calf is placed on a transportation platform and a gate is closed to restrain the calf on the platform.