Nanostructures and methods of making nanostructures having self-assembled nanodot arrays wherein nanodots are self-assembled in a matrix material due to the free energies of the nanodot material andor differences in the Gibb’s free energy of the nanodot materials and matrix materials. The piezoelectric element can be configured as a detector andor an actuator. In a preferred embodiment, a minimal left anterior intercostal thoracotomy provides access to form an anastomosis between the left internal mammary artery and the left anterior descending artery while thoracoscopic viewing facilitates harvesting the LIMA.