In an example, a self-testing integrated circuit includes N channels i and a controller, where i is an integer from 1 to N. In one embodiment, the needle tip protective device includes a needle guard slidably mounted on a hypodermic needle, the latter having a needle tip located at the distal end thereof, and a change of profile formed medially there along. Further, because a parasitic CR model of a first sense amplifier and that of a second sense amplifier become mutually the same, high sensitivity can be maintained. First, we keep the paths in the network symmetric so that we only need to monitor SETUP packets in new flow detection. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and to methods for treating type II diabetes using the compounds of the invention. The system includes a background model estimation unit that estimates a background model for a scene of interest; a foreground map construction unit that constructs a reference foreground map of the time instance; and a lighting change processing unit that revises the reference foreground map by reducing false foreground regions resulting from lighting changes.