A light-emitting device comprises a channel structure in the semiconductor layer for connecting an electrode and an ohmic contact layer by means of a substrate transfer process including a wafer-bonding process and a substrate-lifting-off process. The information storage medium stores data for a plurality of angles of a scene in interleaved blocks. The sensor is connected firmly to a pan of the frame and able to determine a mechanical deformation in that part of the frame. Full, symmetrical voltage is applied to the load when the output terminals are connected to the load and the load is grounded. Such lenses provide accurate detectable markers that can be used to align, detect, and correct orientation of lenses prior to, during and after use. The directory parity is altered to imply bad parity.