A microfluidic pump has an outer housing such as a capillary tube, a nanotube, and an ionic fluid or alcohol. The activation layer is disposed on the substrate while the electrophoretic display layer is disposed on the activation layer. The dispersing agent can be used to form single- or multicomponent supported nanocatalysts. The calibration system can be used with a variety of test system topologies. The generation of a mistaken verify decision by the write verify circuit, due to a change in the power supply potential accompanying large current during a read operation, is prevented, as is malfunction of the write verify. The collar extends upwardly from the armored element.