An information management system within a clientserver based computer system is disclosed. The management apparatus includes a user data storage part for storing user identification data and use restriction data corresponding to the user identification data, and a use restriction data acquiring part for acquiring the use restriction data corresponding to the user identification data. The pipe clamp further includes a latch having a base portion attached to the band and a clip portion that snaps over a button welded to the pipe to temporarily hold the clamp in place on the pipe. The flex plate includes a flex inner section concentrically coupled over the shaft, a flex outer section adapted to selectively move between two axial positions relative to the flex inner section based upon the presence of the electromagnetic flux, and a flex spoke section connecting the flex inner section and the flex outer section. One or more cylinders are alternately rich and lean operated for a duration to reduce engine thermal loading while maintaining an exhaust air-to-fuel ratio around stoichiometry. At least one of the plurality of semiconductor chips may include at least one redistribution pad configured to electrically connect with the at least one electrode pad.