A shift register includes first and second stages for sequentially outputting scan pulses to drive first and second gate lines. According to certain aspects, the invention uses a dielectric layer interposed between the substrate and a conductive layer to provide a limited area over which junction current can flow. The advantage of this configuration is that less communication modules, such as transmitreceive modules, are required to operate the antenna array, reducing the weight, power consumption and cost of an antenna apparatus incorporating such an antenna array without significantly limiting the capability andor performance of a system compared to a conventional solution. Ground and signal connections may be at the edge of the patch on either side of the L-shaped slot. A third metal wiring layer connected with the first or second metal wiring layer is patterned on an insulating film. The data polyarchy represents multiple hierarchies of inter-object relationships based on values of attributes of the objects.