A novel surface treatment is provided for portions of filter media coming in contact with the filter media holder, such as a filter housing. Bioactive ionic species can be, but are not limited to, Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Sn, Co, H, and combinations thereof. The system and method includes modifying a transmission rate towards the physical queue based on a state stored in the virtual queue system. A number of cutting members are pivoted to the ring. The contents transmission scheduling unit 103 prepares the transmission schedule so that the contents data of the cache target programs are transmitted using a narrow bandwidth in a time period a predetermined time period before the starting time of the reproduction time periods of these programs, and the bandwidth is widen after the time period. The equal potential difference may be provided by a gradient resistance formed on at least one of the electrodes.