The invention relates to the use of particles comprising binding ligands and electron transfer moieties. The barrel has a shape that is graspable in the hand of a user so as to allow the tip section to be moved against a surface to controllably supply a writing substance thereto. A connecting rod has one end connected to a worm wheel, and is reciprocally swung through rotation of the worm wheel. A calculation of maximum likelihood estimates of body fluid quantities in a sample is performed, and use of likelihood ratios to test for the presence of each body fluid in a sample is described. The discharge lamp may be rotated by a predetermined angle before operation, after operation, or after a predetermined burn time. The subtitle text data is synchronized with the multimedia content based on the determination of the presence of the text data in at least the portion of the subtitle text data.