An apparatus and method for synchronizing a snapshot image are provided. This abstract should not be considered limiting since embodiments consistent with the present invention may involve more, different or fewer elements. The feature point extracting section extracts feature points of the image F1. Preferred compounds of the invention are based on the substituted cyclitols, and in particular, the compounds are based on the 1,6 linkage of two or more sugar residues to a cyclitol. Systems and methods for assessing the accuracy of translations are described. Local rate adaptation using ECN may be provided without relying on other operators to upgrade or ensure their networks are ECN transparent or ECN capable.