Traction enhancing apparatus for a vehicle wheel includes a strap securable to a wheel and a sleeve disposed on the strap. A second operational amplifier has an input and an output that communicates with the input of the first operational amplifier. A portion of the outer body is configured to be disposed between adjacent spinous processes. Shadow portions of the read image is detected from changes in a sub-scanning direction of pixel data of a read image generated based on output from the reading unit, and boundary coordinate data of the image of the original is obtained. The vertically oriented TFT selection device serves as a vertical bit line selection device in the 3D memory array. The first terminals of the switches in the lowest rank are coupled to switch matrix utilization devices.