Disclosed are gene carriers utilizing \u03b2-1,3-glucan and methods of preparing the same. Each of the credentials has been issued by a credential granting authority that is separate from an entity that operates the server system. Hence, if a subsequent request is routed to a different application server, the session data is available through the backend database management system. Catalytic activity of samples may be compared to analyze the influence that different binary spinel system bulk powders may have on TWC performance of ZPGM materials for a plurality of TWC applications. Further the game management system can permit dynamically establishing criteria for players during any game experience. A signal having a frequency lower than that of the communications channel by a preset amount among signals of wireless communications networks different from a currently used communications network may be removed, whereby reception sensitivity of the electronic shelf label tag may be improved.