A method and apparatus for ensuring end-to-end QoS for user applications operating in multi-transport protocol environments while using PVC or SVC connection management procedures. For example, the system can use 16 different codes each having a length of 11 chips in a code set while the conventional M-ary keying systems use a code set size of 8 for 11-chip codes or 8-chip codes. By using the calculation result of the kernel function, a parameter is estimated. A decision is performed if installation of a new packet filter in the UE is required to map the data packets of indicated data traffic to a particular bearer. The fastener is composed of a position section and an engaging section, wherein the engaging section engages with the cut portion and the position section presses on the top surfaces of the coil bobbin of the stator. The high density read only optical disc includes a substrate having pits formed thereon; a crystalline reading assist layer; a first dielectric layer; and a mask layer composed of a metal oxide.