Methods and apparatus on charges injection using piezo-ballistic-charges injection mechanism are provided for semiconductor device and nonvolatile memory device. A controller may be in communication with the receiver configured to determine a jamming event probability based at least in part on the signal properties. Where the PLL is employed in the local oscillator of a cellular telephone transmitter, the novel dithering of the DCO spreads digital image noise out in frequency such that less digital image noise is present at a particular frequency offset from the main local oscillator frequency. The at least one section includes a grinding head, where the grinding head includes a grindstone rotatably supported thereon, the grindstone having rounded shoulders at its axial extremities. If executing a portion of the set of helper thread binaries results in the retrieval of data needed by the set of main thread binaries, then that retrieved data is utilized by the set of main thread binaries. A compact emitter capable of sequentially emitting blackbody-like radiation at two different temperatures is used to determine the target object’s emissivity and temperature.