1460644444-3dfc21be-02c5-4a25-8c54-372b362c34b6

An amplifier for high gain, narrowband signal amplification is disclosed. The optical information storage medium has a management area that stores at least one unit containing control information about the optical information storage medium. The probe tip may include one or more electrodes to receive electrical responses from stimulated neurons for recording or further processing. Each set of air pockets and liquid flow restrictors is in fluid communication with a respective one of the plurality of nozzles.