Methods of forming transparent conducting oxides and devices formed by these methods are shown. When the piston assembly is embedded in material to be dispensed, the space between the pistons fills with material to be dispensed. The processing system is configured to process the first call signaling to determine a destination for the emergency call, generate second call signaling indicating a key and the destination, and generate a database message indicating the key and the call back number. The conductive layer before the test is performed has a volume resistivity of not less than 1. The pixel data array can be located externally, permitting significant reduction in the circuitry present under each pixel of the display, in turn permitting significant reduction in display pixel size and independent scaling of memory cell size and display cell size. In the present invention, a plurality of spacer rings is disposed between the optical elements of the add-drop multiplexer, and a heat curing epoxy or an ultraviolet curing epoxy adheres the optical elements to each other.