Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some embodiments an autonomic unit transmits an otoacoustic signal to counteract a potentially harmful incoming signal. The acquisition unit is configured to acquire an image. The location-based services data structure includes first and second data structures representing tables of friends. The playback controller is configured to control the receiver to start reception of the predetermined-length stream and to execute a playback process for playing back the predetermined-length streams stored in the memory in turn in response to a playback instruction. Also provided are methods and materials for treating lung injury, including acute lung injury, which may include hyperpermeability of lung vessels, vascular leakage, the development of edema, asthma, anaphylaxis, angioedema, systemic vascular permeability syndromes, and nasal congestion. In the method, the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and the impedance cardiograph signal are being measured with one piece of measuring equipment.